Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Health Profession Students: Perceptions about Academic Program Responsiveness and Mental Health Outcomes
Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic for Health Profession Students
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.46570/utjms-2026-1654Keywords:
COVID-19, academic response, mental health, pandemic impact, health profession studentsAbstract
Introduction: Given the likelihood of future disease outbreaks, there is a need to examine the mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic for health profession students and the extent to which health profession program responses to the pandemic influenced student mental health.
Objectives: This study uses data from two cohorts (Cohort 1: N=257; Cohort 2: N=177) of health profession students during the COVID-19 pandemic (11/2020-3/2021 and 5/2021-1/2022) to examine and compare student mental health during these time frames and determine associations between students’ perceptions of their programs’ response to the pandemic and mental health outcomes.
Methods: Participants completed self-report measures assessing mental health outcomes (depression, anxiety, COVID-19 obsessive thoughts, sleep disturbance, academic stress) and perceptions of their program’s response to the pandemic.
Results: Few between-cohort differences in mental health outcomes were found. In both cohorts, depression and anxiety symptoms, COVID-19 obsessive thoughts, and sleep disturbance were higher than those observed in the general population. Across both cohorts, the perception that their academic program had taken adequate steps to protect students’ mental health was significantly negatively associated with all mental health outcomes.
Conclusion: Findings highlight the importance of visible and accessible mental health services that can mitigate the psychological burden of pandemics for health profession students.
References
World Health Organization. Timeline: WHO’s COVID-19 response. 2023, June 5.
Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/novel-coronavirus-2019
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. School and Program Administrators. Published February 2, 2020. Accessed June 8, 2025. https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/schools-childcare/
Hughes JW, Vander Horst A, Gibson GC, et al. Psychological distress of college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Health. 2021. 73(4): p. 981–983. doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2021.1920953
Lee J, Solomon M, Stead T, Kwon B, Ganti L. Impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of US college students. BMC Psychol. 2021. 9(1): p. 95. doi.org/10.1186/s40359-021-00598-3
Wood CI, Yu Z, Sealy DA, et al. Mental health impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on college students. J Am Coll Health. 2022. P. 1–6. doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2022.2030353
Copeland WE, McGinnis E, Bai Y, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on college student mental health and wellness. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2021. 60(1): p. 134–141. doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.466
Boutros G, Marchak KA. Factors impacting the mental health of Canadian university students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Univ Tor Med J. 2021;98(3):50-56.
Salimi N, Gere B, Talley W, Irioogbe B. College students mental health challenges: Concerns and considerations in the COVID-19 pandemic. J Coll Stud Psychother. 2021. 37(1): p. 39–51. doi.org/10.1080/87568225.2020.1853692
Chernomas WM, Shapiro C. Stress, depression, and anxiety among undergraduate nursing students. Int J Nurs Educ Scholarsh. 2013. 10(1): p. 255–266. doi.org/10.1515/ijnes-2012-0032
Cocke KD, Klocko DJ, Kindratt TB. Screening for undetected depression in physician assistant students. JPAEA. 2019. 30(2): p. 118–121. doi.org/10.1097/JPA.0000000000000247
Davidson JE, Stuck AR, Zisook S, Proudfoot J. Testing a strategy to identify incidence of nurse suicide in the United States. JONA. 2018. 48(5): p. 259–265. doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0000000000000610
Davidson JE, Proudfoot J, Lee K, Zisook S. Nurse suicide in the United States: Analysis of the Center for Disease Control 2014 National Violent Death Reporting System dataset. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 2019. 33(5): p. 16–21. doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2019.04.006
Fischbein R, Bonfine N. Pharmacy and medical students’ symptoms, experiences with, and attitudes about mental health issues and help-seeking. Am J Pharm Educ. 2019. ajpe7558. doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7558
Hernandez MB, Blavo C, Hardigan PC, Perez AM, Hage K. Differences in perceived stress, depression, and medical symptoms among medical, nursing, and physician assistant students: A latent class analysis. Ann Behav Sci Med Educ. 2010. 16: p. 35–39. doi.org/10.1007/BF03355116
Williams RA, Hagerty BM, Murphy-Weinberg V, Wan JY. Symptoms of depression among female nursing students. Arch Psychiatr Nurs. 1995. 9(5): p. 269–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/0883-9417(95)80018-X
Zhang Y, Peters A, Bradstreet J. Relationships among sleep quality, coping styles, and depressive symptoms among college nursing students: A multiple mediator model. J Prof Nurs. 2018. 34(4): p. 320–325. doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2017.11.007
Prasad K, McLoughlin C, Stillman M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of stress and burnout among US healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A national cross-sectional survey study. EClinicalMedicine. 2021. 35: 100879. doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.100879
Van Wert MJ, Gandhi S, Gupta I, et al. Healthcare worker mental health after the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic: a US medical center cross-sectional survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2022. 37(5): p. 1169–1176. doi.org/10.1007/s11606-021-07385-2
Beisland EG, Gjeilo KH, Andersen JR, Bratås O, Bø B, et al. Quality of life and fear of COVID-19 in 2600 baccalaureate nursing students at five universities: a cross-sectional study. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2021. 19(1): p. 1-10. doi.org/10.1186/s12955-021-01837-2
Mulyadi M, Tonapa SI, Luneto S, Lin WT, Lee BO. Prevalence of mental health problems and sleep disturbances in nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Educ Pract. 2021. 57: 103228. doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2021.103228
Jardon C, Choi KR. COVID-19 experiences and mental health among graduate and undergraduate nursing students in Los Angeles. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc. 2022. 10783903211072222. doi.org/10.1177/10783903211072222
Rosenthal L, Lee S, Jenkins P, et al. A survey of mental health in graduate nursing students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nurse Educ. 2021. 46(4): p. 215–220. doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000965
Chang JJ, Ji Y, Li YH, Pan HF, Su PY. Prevalence of anxiety symptom and depressive symptom among college students during COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021. 292: p. 242–254. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.109
Eleftheriou A, Rokou A, Arvaniti A, Nena E, Steiropoulos P. Sleep quality and mental health of medical students in Greece during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Public Health. 2021. Article 1823. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.775374
Mittal R, Su L, Jain R. COVID-19 mental health consequences on medical students worldwide. J Community Hosp Intern Med Perspect. 2021. 11(3): p. 296–298. doi.org/10.1080/20009666.2021.1938497
Natalia D, Syakurah RA. Mental health state in medical students during COVID-19 pandemic. J Educ Health Promot. 2021. 10: p. 208. doi.org/10.4103/jehp.jehp_1087_20
Nikolis L, Wakim A, Adams W, Bajaj P. Medical student wellness in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide survey. BMC Med Educ. 2021. 21(1): p. 1–9. doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02783-x
Marani M, Katul GG, Pan WK, Parolari AJ. Intensity and frequency of extreme novel epidemics. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2021. 118(35): e2105482118. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2105482118
Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, 2nd edition. Australia: Psychology Foundation of Australia. 1995.
Roemer L. Measures for anxiety and related constructs. In: Antony MM, Orsillo SM, Roemer L, eds. Practitioner’s Guide to Empirically Based Measures of Anxiety. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2001. p. 49–83.
Lee SA. How much “thinking” about COVID-19 is clinically dysfunctional? Brain Behav Immun. 2020. 87: p. 97. doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.067
Van Laar D, Edwards JA, Easton S. The Work?Related Quality of Life scale for healthcare workers. J Adv Nurs. 2007. 60(3): p. 325–333. doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2007.04453.x
McFadden P, Ross J, Moriarty J, et al. The role of coping in the wellbeing and work-related quality of life of UK health and social care workers during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(2):815. doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020815
Nowrouzi B, Lightfoot N, Carter L, et al. The relationship between quality of work life and location of cross-training among obstetric nurses in urban northeastern Ontario, Canada: A population-based cross sectional study. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2015. 28(3): p. 571. doi.org/10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00336
Buysse DJ, Reynolds III CF 3rd, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28(2): p. 193-213.
Spira AP, Beaudreau SA, Stone KL et al. Reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2012. 67(4): p. 433–439. doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glr216
Backhaus J, Junghanns, Broocks A, Riemann D, Hohagen F. Test–retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia. J Psychosom Res. 2002. 53(3): p. 737–740. doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(02)00330-6
Crawford JR, Henry JD. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): Normative data and latent structure in a large non?clinical sample. Br J Clin Psychol. 2003. 42(2): p. 111–131. doi.org/10.1348/014466503321903544
Choi E, Lee J, Lee SA. Validation of the Korean version of the obsession with COVID-19 scale and the Coronavirus anxiety scale. Death Stud. 2022. 46(3): p. 608–614. doi.org/10.1080/07481187.2020.1833383
Chen JH, Tong KK, Su X, Yu EWY, Wu AM. Measuring COVID-19 related anxiety and obsession: Validation of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale and the Obsession with COVID-19 Scale in a probability Chinese sample. J Affect Disord. 2021. 295: p. 1131–1137. doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.104
Tsai PS, Wang SY, Wang MY, et al. Psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (CPSQI) in primary insomnia and control subjects. Qual Life Res. 2005. 14: p. 1943–1952. doi.org/10.1007/s11136-005-5995-4
Ertek ?E, Özkan S, Candansayar S, ?lhan M. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the mental health of medical students. J Surg Med. 2022. 6(2): p. 162–167. doi.org/10.28982/josam.1061178
Kippenbrock T, Emory J. Race, gender, and ethnicity differences of nursing students' experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Prof Nurs. 2022. 42: p. 122–128. doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2022.06.013
Mineka S, Rafaeli E, Yovel I. Cognitive biases in emotional disorders: Information processing and social-cognitive perspectives. In: Davidson RJ, Scherer KR, Goldsmith HH, eds. Handbook of Affective Sciences. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. 976–1009.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Matthew T. Tull, Ph.D., Tara L. Spitzen, Ph.D, April Gardner, MSBS, PA-C3, Kathleen Mitchell, DNP, APRN-CNS4, Kim L. Gratz, Ph.D., Kelly Izsak, Lori M. DeShetler, Ph.D. (Author)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0) that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).

